lesson 13

 VISUAL SYMBOLS

Visual symbols 
                   are representations of direct reality, which comes in the form of signs and symbols. The following is a detailed discussion on the different kinds of visual symbols, which are drawings, sketches, cartoons, comics or strip drawing, diagrams, charts and graphs, maps, and posters

DRAWINGS - Concrete visual or a representation of a real thing. It helps illustrating our lecture through freehand sketching in a chalkboard.

CARTOONS - Another kind of visual symbol. It tells its story metaphorically. The perfect cartoon needs no caption. The symbolism conveys the message. -It could also be used as a springboard for a lesson or a concluding activity.

STRIP DRAWINGS -commonly called comics or comic strip. It is educational and entertaining at the same time. - it could also serve as motivation and a starter of a lesson. It can also be given as an activity for students to express insights gained at he conclusion of a lesson.

 DIAGRAMS - Any line drawing that shows arrangement and relations as of parts to the whole, relative values, origins and development,chronological fluctuations, distributions, etc. –DALE The word GRAPH is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram.
•Affinity Diagram - used to cluster complex apparently unrelated data into natural and meaningful groups. - is a tool that gathers large amounts of language data (ideas, opinions, issues) and organizes them into groupings based on their natural relationships .
Tree Diagram - Used to chart out, in increasing details, the various tasks that must be accomplished to complete a project or achieve a specific objective
Fishbone Diagram - Also called cause-and-effect diagram. It is a structured form of brainstorming that graphically shows the relationship of possible causes and sub causes directly related to an identified effect/problem. It is most commonly used to analyze work-related problems

CHARTS - diagrammatic representation of relationships within an organizations. • Time Chart • Tree or Stream Chart • Flow Chart • Organizational Chart • Comparison and Contrast Chart • Pareto Chart • Run Chart or Trend Chart

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• .Time Chart - tabular time chart that presents data in ordinal sequence.
•  Tree or Stream Chart -depicts development, growth and change by beginning with a simple course with spread outs into many branches.
• Flowchart - visual way of charting or showing a process from beginning to end. It is a means of analyzing a process. By outlining every step ina process, you can begin to find inefficiencies or problems.
• Organizational Chart - shows how one part of the organization relates to other parts of the organization.
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• Comparison and Contrast Chart
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• . Pareto chart - type of bar chart, prioritized in descending order of magnitude or importance from left to right.
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• . F. GRAPHS - pictures that help us understand amounts. These amounts are called data.
• Circle Graph - is shaped like a circle. It is divided into fractions that look like pieces of pie, so sometimes a circle graph is called a pie graph. Many times the fractional parts are different colors and a key explains the colors.
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• Bar Graph - uses bars to show data. The bars can be vertical (up and down), or horizontal (across). The data can be in words or numbers.
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• . A Picture Graph - uses pictures or symbols to show data. One picture often stands for more than one vote so a key is necessary to understand the symbols.
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•  Map - is a visual representation of an area — a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes.
• answer the following:

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LESSON 12

The power of tv, film and video in the classroom

1.Transmit a wide range audio- visual materials, including still pictures, film,objects, specimens and drama.

2. Bring models of excellence to the viewer.

3. Bring the world of reality to the home and to the . classroom through a live broadcast or as mediated through film or videotape.

4. Make us see and hear for ourselves worlds events as they happen

.5. Be the most believable

6. Make some programs understandable and appealing to a wide variety of age and educational level.

7. Become the great equalizer of . educational opportunity because programs can be presented over national and regional network.

8. Can give opportunity to teachers to view themselves while they teach for purposes of self-improvement.

9.Provide us with sounds and sights not easily available even to the viewer of a real event through long shots, close . ups, zoom shoots, magnification and split screen made possible by the TV camera.

10. Can be both instructive and enjoyable.

DIS ADVANTAGE

  Television and film are one-way communication device consequently, they encourage passivity.

 The small screen size puts television at a disadvantage when compared with the possible size of projected motion pictures, for example.

 Excessive TV viewing works against the development of the child’s ability to visualize and to be creative and imaginative, skills, that are needed in problem solving.

 There is much violence in television.

REFLECTION:

 “Next to the home and school, I believe television to have a more profound influence on the human race than any other medium of communication.” EDGAR DALE.This statement of Dale proves that if teacher use television and films will surely get the attention of the students with out boredom or any distraction. however, these doesn't mean that student can really learn. So, these will be the major task of the teacher to ensure that students can learn our from what they saw.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

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lesson 11

Making the Most of Community Resources and Field Trips

SUMMARY:

Procedures we follow to avoid failed study trips includes this step:

1. Preliminary planning by teacher

2. Preplanning with others going on the trip

3. Taking the field trip itself and

4. post-field trip follow up activities

Educational Benefits Derived from a Field Trip

Field trips can be fun and educational when they are well executed.

1. The acquisition of lasting concepts and change in attitudes are rooted on concrete and rich experiences. Field trips are opportunities for rich and memorable experiences which are fundamental to learning the lasts.

2. Field trips bring us to the world beyond the classroom. The real-world connection is more but the benefits of broadening teaching beyond textbooks far outweigh the little bit of time it takes from a teacher’s schedule.

3. Field trips have a wide range of application. It is not meant only for children. It is for adults also. It is not only meant for the social science subjects, it is for all other subjects as well.

4. It can bring about a lot of realizations which may lead to changes in attitudes and insights.

 Disadvantages of Field Trips

These educational benefits can compensate for the drawbacks of field trips some which are:

1. It is costly;

2. It involves logistics,

3. It is extravagant with time,

4. Contains an element of uncertainty.

REFLECTION:

                 Field trips are very useful if you can't bring the real thing in the classroom. it can be a first hand experience if used very well by teachers. thus,a teacher should be very careful in doing this. A teacher will execute multitasking to ensure effectiveness of these instructional material.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

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